ECSL Young Lawyers' Symposium

Contribution List

24. Applying the principles of Common Heritage of Mankind and Cultural Heritage to Outer Space

Submission for the panel 3, "Protection of cultural heritage sites on the Moon".
Submitted by Klara-Maria Töpfer (born 18.08.1998), Student at Leuphana University Lüneburg.

Concerning the protection of cultural heritage sites on the Moon, organizations such as “For All Moonkind” call for the implementation of a new convention, as the lex specialis governing outer space does not mention...

3. Customary International Law and the appropriation of space resources

This article analyses whether a rule of customary international law forbidding the exploitation of space resources has already been developed in the international community. The possibility of commercial exploitation of space resources rests in a grey area embedded in legal uncertainty, which might hinder further commercial activities in space. The panorama of applicable treaty law, notably...

14. Forty Years Later: Reviving the 1979 Moon Agreement in view of Commercial Mining of Space Resources on Celestial Bodies

Mr Vinicius Aloia, 27 years old
LL.M Candidate in international Business Law - University of Helsinki, Finland
Space Generation Advisory Council – Commercial Space Project Group
vinicius.aloia@helsinki.fi

Panel: Legal Challenges relating to The Future of the Moon Agreement

Abstract

The celestial bodies within the Solar System contain an enormous supply of mineral resources used on Earth,...

16. Past, present and future perspectives for the Moon Agreement

A fundamental issue facing the Moon Agreement (MA) is the lack of consensus within the international community. Different states have different interpretations. From their interpretations, they can either accept in full or part the provisions of the MA. The lack of support raises concern about the future of the MA. Do we require a United Nations (UN) general resolution to open the debate over...

38. Public and Private cooperation to enable commercial mining of celestial bodies.

Abstract: Public and Private cooperation to enable commercial mining of celestial bodies.

The European Space sector is strong, competitive and plays a key role in developing high- value capital goods for the benefit of all mankind. According to the last report published in January 2019 by the European Investment Bank (EIB), in collaboration with the European Space Agency (ESA) and the...

42. Public-Private Partnerships for the Moon Economy

The role of space agencies is evolving, with industry and the private sector now engaging in types of activities traditionally initiated and developed by governments and their space agencies. The NewSpace wave is bringing challenges and new ambitions in space, injecting a new spirit into the ecosystem, a new way of doing thing in space, where reusability and economies of scale are key...

25. Security Interests in Extra-terrestrial Infrastructure

As outer space becomes more commercial, financial models which involve creditors and debtors will become more viable and commonly used, as they are for the development of most projects and infrastructure on Earth.

By definition, a security interest is a ‘legal right granted by a debtor to a creditor over the debtor's property which enables the creditor to have recourse to the property if the...

4. The Legal Framework of Preservation of Cultural Heritage on the Moon

Since the launch of human exploration to the moon, preservation of cultural heritage on the moon becomes an important project. This article aims at discussing the legal framework of how to preserve cultural heritage on the moon.

I will first discuss what constitutes “cultural heritage” in the legal language. On an international level, relevant clauses under the Outer Space Treaty (OST) and...

40. The Moon Agreement: A Prospective Analysis

Almost 40 years have passed since the Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Moon Agreement or MOON) was approved in the UN General Assembly through Resolution 34/68. With only 18 ratifications and four signatures, the Moon Agreement marked the end of the hard-law era in space and it is seen as a somewhat failed treaty. As so, besides understanding...

36. The Moon Race Competition and the protection of cultural heritage sites on the Moon

Giuliana Rotola, 27.
Research Intern at Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies.
Panel 3: Protection of cultural heritage sites on the Moon.

Nowadays, on the Moon there are 110 metric tons of cultural material, which has the potential to be worthy of preservation for future generations for its scientific, technical and social significance in the realm of space exploration.
While the...

33. Towards an International Space Resources Union?

The last decade access to outer space has become more common than ever before. The global space industry is valued at 360 billion USD in 2018 and a growing number of private companies world-wide aim to explore and use outer space for commercial purposes. Although technically it would not constitute an ‘arms race in space’, the current space race aiming for the strategically important areas on...

7. What can one visit as a space tourist?

In September 2018, Elon Musk announced that Japanese billionaire Yusaku Maezawa will be their first space tourist. This year humankind will mark the 50th anniversary of the first person stepping on another celestial body; and now the fast emerging space tourism industry can become a real threat to the space cultural heritage.

On Earth, UNESCO has the role to protect the cultural heritage of...

23. Why is the Future of the Moon Agreement Emergent?

Name: Annie Kazarjan
Age: 29
Affiliation and position: Hungarian Helsinki Committee, legal officer
Panel: The future of the Moon Agreement

Why is the Future of the Moon Agreement Emergent?

It has been concluded in many occasions that, the true test of the Moon Agreement both as treaty and customary law will come only when the exploration of extraterritorial resources becomes technically...