ESA & CNES Final Presentations : Space Environments and Radiation Effects on EEE components

Europe/Amsterdam
Newton2 (ESA/ESTEC)

Newton2

ESA/ESTEC

Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands
Description

The ESA-CNES Radiation Final Presentation Days, organised by ESA's Space Environments and Effects (TEC-EPS) section and Component Space Evaluation and Radiation Effects (TEC-QEC) section, will take place from 6th to 9th March, 2017 at ESTEC in the Newton2 conference room.

 

The event will for the first time combine presentations on Space Environments and Radiation Effects on EEE components covering ESA and CNES recent results from R&D activities

  • The first two days will be dedicated to Space Environments activities on radiation monitors development and space environment modelling, analysis and simulation tools.
  • The second two days will address subjects such as EEE Component irradiation characterization and radiation harness assurance tools and guidelines.

 

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Instructions for webex connection:

A webex audio and slides streaming will begin each day 5 minutes before the session starts. 

Title: FPD2017
Every day, from Monday, March 6, 2017, to Thursday, March 9, 2017
9:00 pm  |  Europe Time (Amsterdam, GMT+01:00)  |  10 hrs
Meeting number (access code): 844 441 325

When it's time, join the meeting.   

Join by phone
Global call-in numbers

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Participants
  • Adrian Evans
  • Alessandra Costantino
  • Alessandro Bruno
  • alexandre durand
  • Alexandre Friou
  • Alexi Glover
  • Ali Zadeh
  • AMINATA CARVALHO
  • Andreas Waets
  • Angélica SICARD
  • anne samaras
  • Arnaud Trouche
  • Athina Varotsou
  • Attila Hirn
  • Balazs Zabori
  • Bendy Tanios
  • Benjamin RUARD
  • Boris Glass
  • Bruno Gaignard
  • Carlos Urbina Ortega
  • Cesar Boatella-Polo
  • Christian POIVEY
  • Christian Schwarz
  • Cristina Plettner
  • Daniel Heynderickx
  • Daniel Naron
  • DAVE PITCHFORD
  • David Lucsanyi
  • David Merodio Codinachs
  • David Rodgers
  • Davide Rozza
  • Denis STANDAROVSKI
  • Eamonn Daly
  • Ed Kuijpers
  • Eino Oltedal
  • ENOAL LE GOULVEN
  • Erwin De Donder
  • Fabrice Cipriani
  • Fan Lei
  • Florent Miller
  • Francesco Cafagna
  • Francola Stefano
  • françois-xavier guerre
  • Françoise BEZERRA
  • Frederic Tilhac
  • Giovanni Santin
  • giuseppe camonita
  • Heikki Kettunen
  • Hualin Xiao
  • Hugh Evans
  • Jeffrey Chuan
  • Jimenez Carreira Joaquin
  • Johan De Hert
  • Juergen Beister
  • Jørgen Ilstad
  • Karin Eriksson
  • Karl Dietrich Bunte
  • Laurent Standaert
  • Leonardo Surdo
  • Lionel SALVY
  • LUIS DE PABLO
  • Marc Loiselet
  • Marc Poizat
  • Marco Pinto
  • Marco Vuolo
  • Mark Millinger
  • Massimo Gervasi
  • Mathias Cyamukungu
  • Mauro Tacconi
  • Maximilian Maier
  • Michael Steffens
  • Michele Muschitiello
  • Mirko Rostewitz
  • Mustapha Zahir
  • Nathalie Chatry
  • Nick Panagiotopoulos
  • Nicolas Sukhaseum
  • Patrick SAUNIER
  • Patryk Socha
  • Paulo Gordo
  • Pawel Kupsc
  • Pete Truscott
  • Peter BECK
  • Peter Wass
  • Petros Chrysogelos
  • Petteri Nieminem
  • Pier Giorgio Rancoita
  • Pierre Garcia
  • Pierre Pourrouquet
  • Pierre-Xiao WANG
  • Piers Jiggens
  • Pieter van Duijn
  • Radoslaw Marcinkowski
  • renaud mangeret
  • Robert ECOFFET
  • Roberta Mancini
  • Ronan Marec
  • Ruut Neubauer
  • Sebastien Bourdarie
  • Stanislas GUILLEMANT
  • Stefano Redi
  • Sylvain GIRARD
  • Sylvie Benck
  • Thierry Nuns
  • Tore André Bekkeng
  • Veronique Ferlet-Cavrois
  • Vincent Maget
  • Wojtek Hajdas
Conference organization
    • 09:35 09:40
      Webex streaming: will be available for the whole conference Newton2

      Newton2

      ESA/ESTEC

      Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands
    • 09:45 13:00
      Space Environments and Effects Newton2

      Newton2

      ESA/ESTEC

      Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands
      • 09:45
        Introduction & Executive summary 45m
        Speaker: Dr Veronique Ferlet-Cavrois (ESA)
        Slides
      • 10:30
        ESABASE2: Overview, Maintenance and Distribution Summary and Recent Developments 40m
        Speaker: Dr Karl Dietrich Bunte (etamax space GmbH)
        Slides
      • 11:10
        Coffee break 30m
      • 11:40
        Space debris from spacecraft degradation products 40m
        Speaker: Dr Paulo Gordo (FCUL)
        Slides
      • 12:20
        Multi-Needle Langmuir Probe (M-NLP) development 20m
        Speaker: Tore André Bekkeng (EIDEL)
        Slides
      • 12:40
        In-flight data from POLAR 20m
        Speaker: Dr Hualin Xiao (PSI)
        Slides
    • 13:00 14:00
      Lunch 1h
    • 14:00 18:25
      Space Environments and Effects: TEC-EPS Newton2

      Newton2

      ESA/ESTEC

      Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands
      • 14:00
        Dust electrostatic charging, transport and contamination model for Lunar Lander and human exploration missions 30m
        Speaker: Mr Benjamin RUARD (Artenum)
        Slides
      • 14:30
        Numerical simulations of Solar Orbiter at its perihelion: spacecraft charging, effects on RPW and SWA-EAS instruments 30m
        Speaker: Dr Stanislas Guillemant (LESIA)
        Slides
      • 15:00
        ODI databases maintenance 30m
        Upgrade of Open Data Interface (ODI) D. Heynderickx, DH Consultancy, Leuven, Belgium P. Wintoft, Solar Analytics, SE H. Evans, ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands ODI is a MySQL database framework developed for streamlined ingestion and storage of time series of spacecraft and ground based data. The latest upgrades of the framework consist of: - functionality for ingesting netCDF data files - support of SPASE metadata - development of a Python native client interface - development of reporting, plotting and status tools - enhancements of the REST interface - upgrade of the Excel client connection - support for new datasets (e.g. DSCOVR)
        Speaker: Dr Daniel Heynderickx (DH Consultancy BVBA)
        Slides
      • 15:30
        Coffee break 30m
      • 16:00
        PAMELA Data Exploitation 1h
        Speaker: Dr Alessandro Bruno (Università degli Studi di Bari, Italy)
        Slides
      • 17:00
        Two new ESA projects for radiation belt modelling 20m
        New ESA Projects of Radiation Belt Modelling D. Heynderickx, DH Consultancy, Leuven, Belgium F. Lei, RadMod Research, Camberley, UK I. Sandberg, IASA & SPARC, Athens, Greece I. Daglis, IASA, Athens, Greece M. Cyamukungu, CSR/UCL, Belgium E. de Donder, BIRA-IASB, Belgium P. Truscott, Kallisto Consultancy, Farnborough, UK H. Evans, P. Jiggens, D. Rodgers, ESA/ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands Two contracts on radiation belt modelling have been initiated by ESA recently: VALIRENE is a two year project (ESA Contract No 4000117974/16/NL/LF) to: 1) perform a detailed evaluation of the IRENE models against in situ datasets and other radiation environment models (including ECSS); 2) consolidate and (cross-) calibrate in situ datasets; 3) perform a detailed evaluation and comparison of the UNILIB and IRBEM libraries; 4) develop a toolkit to facilitate model validation activities. European space industry will be briefed and consulted throughout the activity. RENELLA - Radiation Environment at Extremely Low Latitude and Altitude (ESA Contract No 4000118058/16/NL/LF/hh): 1) XIPE environment specification validation; 2) dataset selection, acquisition and cross calibration; 3) development of algorithms of flux spectra propagation to lower altitudes; 4) development of a Low Altitude Radiation Belt (LARB) Model. Both projects started very recently. As such, no results are available yet, and the current presentation aims at announcing the activity to the radiation belt community and to foster collaboration.
        Speaker: Dr Daniel Heynderickx (DH Consultancy BVBA)
        Slides
    • 09:15 12:00
      Space Environments and Effects: ESA (TEC-EPS) Newton2

      Newton2

      ESA/ESTEC

      Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands
      • 09:30
        SSA programme update 20m
        Speaker: Mr Juha-Pekka Luntama (ESA)
        Slides
      • 09:50
        SSA Space Weather Elements Radiation Expert Service Centre overview and coordination with TEC Space Environments and Effects activities 20m
        Speaker: Dr Alexi Glover (ESA)
        Slides
      • 10:10
        Non-Ionsing Energy Loss (NIEL) calculation software and verification 20m
        Speaker: Dr Pier Giorgio Rancoita (INFN sez. di Milano Bicocca)
        Slides
      • 10:30
        High LET radiation effects on DNA in water 20m
        Speaker: Dr Christian Schwarz (ESA)
        Slides
      • 10:50
        Coffee break 30m
      • 11:20
        Recent vulnerability and hardening studies of optical systems, fibers and fiber sensors at high radiation doses 40m
        Speaker: Sylvain Girard
        Transparents
    • 12:00 17:50
      Space Environments and Effects: CNES Newton2

      Newton2

      ESA/ESTEC

      Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands
      • 12:00
        CNES Introduction 15m
        Speakers: Mrs Françoise BEZERRA (CNES), Mr Robert ECOFFET (CNES)
        Slides
      • 12:15
        Results from the ICARE-NG detectors onboard SAC-D, JASON 2 and JASON 3 satellites 35m
        15 years ago, CNES and ONERA developed a low mass and low power solid state detector named ICARE-NG. This monitor has been flying on the SAC-D and JASON 2 satellites and is currently monitoring the Earth radiation belts onboard JASON-3 spacecraft. We review here the benefits of such a detector (much simpler than a scientific one) providing multi-spacecraft measurements in Low Earth Orbit. In particular, these monitors are a rare opportunity to observe both long term variations in LEO and gradients between orbits.
        Speaker: Dr Vincent Maget (ONERA)
        Slides
      • 12:50
        Highly energetic electrons in the inner zone 20m
        The existence of high energy (E>1MeV) electrons in the inner zone is always a debate issue. We tried with several clues to solve the problem they arise. First, using NOAA measurements and in particular a proton channel contaminated by E>1.2MeV electrons, the slot filling was studied over solar cycles. Then the found profiles were compared to the CRRES and SAMPEX measurements. Finally, using a simplistic physical model derived from Salammbô, the variations were estimated to understand the long term behavior of the electrons in the inner belt.
        Speaker: Dr Vincent Maget (ONERA)
        Slides
      • 13:10
        Lunch 50m
      • 14:00
        Impact of the consideration of the LEO trapped proton anisotropy on dose calculation at component level 20m
        Trapped proton fluxes are anisotropic at Low Earth Orbits (LEO). However, this characteristic is not taken into account in the radiation environment specification of space missions. The goal of the study was to show if such a consideration has an impact on the radiation analysis results. The proton anisotropy was considered and doses were calculated at component level taking into account the orientation and full geometry of the satellite.
        Speaker: Dr Athina Varotsou (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 14:20
        A New Proton Model for Low Altitude High Energy Specification (OPAL) 20m
        A model of high energy protons for low altitude (below 800 km) mission specification has been developed at ONERA. This model is based on the long duration NOAA measurement series. We used only the highest omnidirectional channel from SEM on board the old NOAA satellites, and the corresponding channel from SEM-2 on board the new NOAA ones, as the other channels are contaminated by electrons. This gives us a basis for the model for >82 MeV protons. This model was extended in energy by using ICARE-NG measurements on board JASON-2 and HEPAD measurements on board NOAA-6. It gives integrated proton flux in the range 80-600 MeV at altitudes lower than 800 km along the solar cycle.
        Speaker: Mrs Angélica SICARD-PIET (ONERA)
        Slides
      • 14:40
        A new Global Radiation Earth Environement (GREEN) model 35m
        The well known AP8 and AE8 NASA models are commonly used in the industry to specify the radiation belt environment. Unfortunately, there are some limitations in the use of these models, first due to the covered energy range, but also because in some regions of space, there are discrepancies between the predicted average values and the measurements. Therefore, a new model has been developped at ONERA, GREEN (Global Radiation Earth ENvironement) covering a large region of space and energy, from LEO altitudes to GEO and above, and from plasma to relativistic particles and depending of the year of the solar cycle. The aim for the first version of this new model is to correct the AP8 and AE8 models where they are deficient or not defined, by using local models as IGE-2006, Slot model, OZONE, OPAL,...
        Speaker: Mrs Angélica SICARD-PIET (ONERA)
        Slides
      • 15:15
        Coffee Break 15m
      • 15:30
        Impact of the consideration of AE9/AP9 models on the space radiation environment specification 20m
        AE9/AP9 radiation belt models were developed to substitute the commonly used AE8/AP8 models for trapped particles. This study explored the impact of the integration of these new models into environment specifications. Multiple mission types were considered such as LEO, MEO and electrical orbital rising trajectories. Dose and displacement damage calculations were performed using FASTRAD® and applying both Ray Tracing and Reverse Monte Carlo methods on actual satellite radiation models.
        Speaker: Dr Athina Varotsou (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 15:50
        Benchmarking Ionising Space Environment models 35m
        In flight feedback data are collected such as displacement damage doses, ionizing doses, cumulated SEUs, and DSNU on Star Tracker on board various space vehicles and are compared to predictions performed with (1) proton measurements performed with spectrometers data on board the same spacecraft if any and (2) protons spectrum predicted by the legacy AP8min model and the AP9 and OPAL models. When an accurate representation of the 3D spacecraft shielding as well as appropriate ground calibrations are considered in the calculations such comparisons provide powerful metrics to investigate engineering model accuracy. To describe > 30 MeV trapped protons fluxes, AP8 min model is found to provide closer predictions to observations than AP9 V1.30.001 (Mean and Perturbed mean).
        Speaker: Dr Sebastien Bourdarie (ONERA)
        Slides
      • 16:25
        Data assimilation technique applied to electron Earth radiation belts 20m
        An Ensemble Kalman filter combined with the Salammbô 3D tool has been used to produce a re-analysis data base of the electron radiation belt from September 2012 to end of 2015. RBSP-A&B/MagEis data, GOES-13/MagEd and GOES-13/SEM data were ingested by the system. So far only omni-directional fluxes have been considered in this study. The time resolution of the re-analysis data base is 10 minutes and covers electron energies above 300 keV. The results obtained are compared/validated against INTEGRAL/SREM data. Performance of the data assimilation tool will be discussed as well as ways of improvement for the future.
        Speaker: Dr Sebastien Bourdarie (ONERA)
        Slides
      • 16:45
        Impact of the mission definition parameters on the space radiation environment specification 20m
        For the definition of the space radiation environment, missions are usually defined with a standard number of orbits and number of points per orbit. It has been shown that the modification of these parameters can induce differences on the results. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the definition of the mission parameters on the fluxes of particles but also on the calculated dose and displacement damage. Six representative orbits were selected but also six cases of electrical orbital rising trajectories were studied. The results allow to make recommendations for each mission type.
        Speaker: Dr Athina Varotsou (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 17:05
        OMERE space radiation environment and effects tool: new developments and new interface 25m
        OMERE is a freely distributed tool allowing to perform radiation environment and effects calculations (TID, TNID, SEE) for space missions. OMERE is developed by the engineering department of TRAD with the support from the CNES and it is used by engineers from the private and public sector all over world. The new developments and new interface of the latest OMERE version will be presented.
        Speaker: Dr Athina Varotsou (TRAD)
        Slides
    • 09:30 13:00
      Radiation Effects on EEE components: CNES Newton2

      Newton2

      ESA/ESTEC

      Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands
      • 09:30
        Impact of the detector definition on the Reverse Monte Carlo calculation result 20m
        Different types of detectors are used for the TID calculation based on the RMC method: points and volumes. The impact of their location, their dimensions and their shape has been studied taking into account different geometric models with an increasing complexity. The impact depends on the particle environment and on whether the detector is located inside or at the surface of the spacecraft.
        Speaker: Mr Pierre Pourrouquet (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 09:50
        Comparison of TNID calculation methods 20m
        Different types of shielding geometry are considered as input for a TNID sector analysis calculation: sphere and slab. TNID calculations using the Reverse Monte Carlo method have also been performed. Analysis of the results allows to make recommendations on the choice of the calculation method based on the complexity of the radiation model.
        Speaker: Mr Pierre Pourrouquet (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 10:10
        Introduction to "CNES Radiation Effects on EEE components" Session 5m
        Speaker: Mrs Françoise BEZERRA (CNES)
        Slides
      • 10:15
        Electron SEE- background and current status 20m
        A brief overwiew of on-going actions, an example of harmonized R&D.
        Speaker: Mr Robert ECOFFET (CNES)
        Slides
      • 10:35
        Proton direct ionisation 25m
        The aim of this study is to investigate the proton direct ionization sensitivity of integrated circuits. This work includes the development of a calculation methodology to assess the direct ionization contribution to the proton SEE rate, the experimental characterization of a 45nm CMOS SRAM-based FPGA under low energy proton, as well as the space environment and calculation parameter impact on the presented methodology.
        Speaker: Mr Nicolas Sukhaseum (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 11:00
        Coffee break 20m
      • 11:20
        TRADCARE: tool for SEE prediction in a radiation environment 25m
        TRADCARE (Tool for RADiation Constraints Analysis and Reliability Enhancement) is a tool allowing to predict SEE sensitivity of ASIC during its design phase. It is composed of interchangeable modules for each calculation step, starting from the whole IC design up to the SEE reliability prediction. Application cases will be presented.
        Speaker: Mr Pierre Pourrouquet (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 11:45
        Recoil atom flux calculation in electronic components by Monte Carlo method 20m
        The evolution in the microelectronic field leads to the presence of high Z materials close to the sensitive volume of electronic components. Through interactions with highly energetic protons, as is the case in irradiation facilities or in space, recoil atoms can reach these sensitive volumes with high LET. Based on worst case hypotheses, this study showed the presence of high LET recoil particles in the component sensitive area, displayed their LET distribution and located their volume of origin.
        Speaker: Mr Pierre Pourrouquet (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 12:05
        Weakened Cell /stuck bit 20m
        Status on the various actions on this subject and latest results
        Speakers: Mrs Françoise BEZERRA (CNES), Ms Natalie Chatry (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 12:25
        Flash TID/SEE 20m
        This study is based on the work of Kay et al. [2012][2013] and investigates the effects of preliminary multiple write cycles on the radiation hardness of NAND Flash memories. This work includes the experimental characterization of 2 references under TID and heavy ions, and the test data post-treatment and analysis.
        Speaker: Mr Nicolas Sukhaseum (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 12:45
        Test facilities 15m
        This contribution will focus on recent prospective actions on « new » test facilities, e.g. 6-20 MeV electrons at Carcassonne Hopital, France, CHARM (CERN), new ion cocktail at UCL, etc…
        Speaker: Mrs Françoise BEZERRA (CNES)
        Slides
    • 13:00 14:00
      Lunch 1h Newton2

      Newton2

      ESA/ESTEC

      Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands
    • 14:00 18:05
      Radiation Effects on EEE components: ESA (TEC-QEC) Newton2

      Newton2

      ESA/ESTEC

      Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands
      • 14:00
        Introduction 10m
        Speaker: Ali Zadeh (ESA)
        Slides
      • 14:10
        Displacement Damage test guideline 20m
        Speaker: Mr Thierry Nuns (ONERA)
        Slides
      • 14:30
        Validation of NIEL for high energy (> 1MeV) electrons in Silicon 20m
        Speaker: Mr Thierry Nuns (ONERA)
        Slides
      • 14:50
        ______________________schedule updated to include 20min delay 20m
      • 15:10
        Verification of Co-60 TID testing representativeness for EEE components flown in the Jupiter environment 20m
        Speaker: Mr Marco Pinto (LIP)
        Slides
      • 15:30
        Part to part and lot to lot variability study of TID effects in bipolar linear devices 20m
        Speaker: Mr Nicolas Sukhaseum (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 15:50
        Coffee Break 20m
      • 16:10
        Radiation characterization of European EEE components for space applications 30m
        Speaker: Dr Pierre Garcia (TRAD)
        Transparents
      • 16:40
        Test methods for SEE evaluations of ADCs and DACs 20m
        Speaker: Mr françois-xavier guerre (hirex engineering)
        Slides
        • Dummy entry 20m
      • 17:00
        TID testing of state of the art NAND flash memories 30m
        Speaker: Dr Bendy Tanios (HIREX ENGINEERING)
        Slides
      • 17:30
        Heavy-Ion Micro Beam and Simulation Study of a Flash-Based FPGA Microcontroller Implementation 20m
        Speaker: Mr Carlos Urbina Ortega (ESA)
        Slides
    • 09:00 13:20
      Radiation Effects on EEE components: ESA (TEC-QEC) Newton2

      Newton2

      ESA/ESTEC

      Keplerlaan 1 2201 AZ Noordwijk The Netherlands
      • 09:00
        Irradiation characterisation of 2D imaging devices, memories and FPGAs for future ESA missions 20m
        Speaker: Mr ENOAL LE GOULVEN (TRAD)
        Transparents
      • 09:20
        Radiation Evaluation of Digital Isolators 20m
        Speaker: Dr Michael Wind (Seibersdorf Laboratories)
        Slides
      • 09:40
        Survey of total ionising dose tolerance of power bipolar transistors and Silicon Carbide devices for JUICE 20m
        Speaker: Dr Michael Steffens (Fraunhofer INT)
        Slides
      • 10:00
        Total Ionizing Dose influence on the single event effect sensitivity of active EEE components 20m
        Speaker: Mr Lionel SALVY (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 10:20
        ESA supported Radiation Facility 30m
        Speakers: Dr Heikki Kettunen (University of Jyväskylä, Department of Physics), Mr Laurent Standaert (Université catholique de Louvain), Dr Wojtek Hajdas (PSI)
      • 10:50
        Coffee Break 20m
      • 11:10
        Risk assessment of SEE events due to high energy electrons during the JUICE mission 20m
        Speaker: Mr Nicolas Sukhaseum (TRAD)
        Slides
      • 11:30
        Single Event Burnout testing of high power schottky diodes 30m
        Speaker: Dr Pierre Garcia (TRAD)
        Transparents
      • 12:00
        Re-issue Radiation Characterisation of GaAs power devices in support of European Radiation Hardness 20m
        Speaker: Mr Jeffrey Chuan (Thales Alenia Space España)
        Slides
      • 12:20
        Laser Study of SETs in 65nm Bulk Technology 20m
        In this presentation, we review current work on SET measurement including on-chip and off-chip techniques. We present test results for SET measurements using the SPA laser at the CNES, Toulouse and the TPA laser at NRL, Washington. Results are presented for SETs in elementary transistors, logic gates as as for complex digital circuits
        Speaker: Mr Adrian Evans (IROC Technologies)
        Slides
      • 12:40
        Comprehensive SEE Component Qualification 20m
        This presentation provides a snapshot of the AO8191 TRP activity which involves the comprehensive radiative characterization of 6 components (4 SRAMs, 1 SoC and 1 FPGA) using heavy-ions, high- and low-energy protons and electrons. The test setups and methodologies will be presented as well as initial heavy-ion test results. In one SRAM component, an unusual SEFI failure mode was identified and was investigated in detail using the SPA laser at the CNES, Toulouse.
        Speaker: Mr Adrian Evans (IROC Technologies)
        Slides